Biology Guide for NEET, MBBS admission tests: Breathing and Respiration, Exchange of Gases - very long answer questions

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (Breathing and Respiration, Exchange of Gases)
India Study Solution Biology (Zoology) Very Long Answer Questions 

TQ5 (Q. No.72-75)

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Solved Very Long Answer Biology Questions (Zoology)

Question 72:  How does the exchange of gases occur in respiration between blood and alveolar air?

Answer 72: The exchange of gases (i.e., oxygen and carbon dioxide) between lung alveoli and pulmonary capillaries is called external respiration. It occurs as follows:

The wall of the alveoli is very thin and has rich network of blood capillaries. Due to this, the alveolar wall seems to be a sheet of flowing blood and is called respiratory membrane. The respiratory membrane consists mainly of (a) alveolar epithelium, (b) epithelial basement membrane, (c) a thin interstitial space (d) capillary basement membrane and (e) capillary endothelium. All these layers form a membrane of 0.2 mm thickness. The respiratory membrane has a limit of gaseous exchange between alveoli and pulmonary blood. It is called diffusing capacity. The diffusing capacity is defined as the volume of gas, that diffuses through the membrane per minute for a pressure difference of 1 mm Hg. It is further dependent on the solubility of the discussing gases. In other words, at the particular pressure difference, the diffusion of carbon dioxide is 20 times faster than oxygen and that of oxygen is two times faster than nitrogen. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂) in the alveoli is higher (104 mm Hg) than that in the deoxygenated blood in the capillaries of the pulmonary arteries (95 mm Hg). As the gases diffuse from a higher to a lower concentration, the movement of oxygen us from the alveoli to the blood. The reverse is the case in relation to carbon dioxide.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂)  is higher in deoxygenated blood (45 mm Hg) than in alveoli (40 mm Hg), therefore, carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the alveoli. The partial pressure of nitrogen (PN₂) is the same (537 mm Hg) in the alveoli as it is in the blood. This condition is maintained because nitrogen as a gas is not used up by the body.

Post continues after the AD -

Question: 73: Discuss the transport of gases (O₂ and CO₂) in the blood.

Answer 73: Transport of Oxygen in the Blood: Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the heart and from the heart to various body parts. Oxygen is transported in the following manners:

1. As dissolved gas: About 3% of oxygen in the blood is dissolved in the plasma which carries oxygen to the body cells.

2. As oxyhaemoglbin: About 97% of oxygen is carried in combination with haemoglobin of the erythrocytes. Haemoglobin (Hb) consists of a protein called globin and a pigment portion called heme. The heme portion contains four atoms of iron, each capable of combining with a molecule of oxygen. Oxygen and haemoglobin combine in an easily reversible reaction to form oxyhaemogloin (HbO₂).       Hb + 4O₂         Hb (O₂)₄

Under the high partial pressure, oxygen easily binds with haemoglobin in the pulmonary (lung) blood capillaries. When this oxygenated blood reaches the different tissues, the partial pressure of oxygen declines and the bonds holding oxygen to haemoglobin become unstable. As a result, oxygen is released from the blood capillaries.

Oxygen-haemoglobin Dissociation Curve: The amount of oxygen that can bind with haemoglobin is determined by oxygen tension. This is expressed as partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂). The percentage of haemoglobin that is bound with O₂ is called percentage saturation of haemoglobin. The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂) and percentage saturation of the haemoglobin with oxygen (O₂) is graphically illustrated by a curve called oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (also called oxygen dissociation curve).Under normal conditions, the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve is sigmoid shaped or "S" shaped.

Factors affecting oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve: It is shifted either to left or right by various factors-

1. Shift to Right: Shift to right indicates dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin.

2. Shift to Left: Shift to left indicates acceptance (association) of oxygen by haemoglobin.

3. Bohr Effect: Shifting of the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve to the right by increasing carbon dioxide partial pressure is known as Bohr Effect.

Transport of carbon dioxide: In the oxidation of food, carbon dioxide, water and energy are produced. Carbon dioxide in gaseous form diffuses out of the cells into the capillaries, where it is transported in  three ways-

(a). Through blood plasma: Carbon dioxide is transported through this medium in a very little quantity. CO₂ combines with water of plasma in presence of carbonic anhydrase enzyme to form carbonic acid.

This soon dissociate into H⁺ and HCO₃^-ions. Very little % of CO₂ is transported through this method as increased production of carbonic acid increases pH from 7.4 - 4.0.

CO₂ + H₂O <------> H₂CO₃  <-----> H⁺ + HCO₃^-

(b). By haemoglobin: CO₂ combines with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin.

Hb + CO₂ <-----> HbCO₂ 

carbaminohaemoglobin

About 30% of CO₂  is transported by above 2 methods.

(c). As bicarbonates: About 70% of CO₂ is transported   as bicarbonates. Initially, in the RBC potassium haemoglobin dissociates  into K⁺ + Hb.CO₂ when diffuses in the RBC  combines with water of the cytoplasm to form carbonic acid which dissociates into H⁺ and HCO₃^-ions. Haemoglobin combine with H⁺ ions to form haemoglobin acid. While in the plasma same CO₂ combines worth water of the plasma to form carbonic acid which forms H⁺ and HCO₃^-ions. NaCl dissociates into Na⁺ + Cl^-.

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Question: 74: Describe how the contraction and relaxation of some skeletal muscles produce respiratory movements.

Answer 74: During exercise forceful expiration take place in which with relaxation inspiratory muscles, contraction of expiratory or respiratory muscles takes place. These muscles are of two place:

1. Abdominal muscles

2. IICM

When abdominal muscles contract, visceral organs of abdominal cavity push diaphragm upwards. So, it become more dome shape. When IICM contract ribs and sternum shift downward and inward. By contraction in both muscles volume of thoracic cavity decrease more and intrapulmonary pressure increase more, so, more expiration occur through respiratory tract called forceful expiration.

Question: 75: Write in detail about various respiratory disorders.

Answer 75: Various respiratory disorders are as follows-

Bronchial Asthma: It is an allergy caused by some allergens like pollen grain, dust particle. Allergen stimulate mast cells to produce histamine that causes contraction of smooth muscles of bronchi. Symptoms-coughing, difficulty in breathing mainly during expiration, breathing with wheezing sound, excess mucus secretion from respiratory tract that may clog bronchi and bronchiole.

Emphysema: Emphysema is an abnormal distension of bronchi, bronchiole and alveolar sac of the lungs mainly due to cigarette smoking. Tifr sepia between alveoli are dissolves and elastic tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue so that lung become non-elastic. Respiratory surface of lung reduced, bronchiole become non-elastic, alveoli remain filled with air even after exhalation.

Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchi due to cigarette smoking, air pollutant like CO and Microbial infection.

Pneumonia: It is an acute infection and inflammation of the lung alveoli by S.pneumonae, Mycoplasma, and some false yeast. Infant, young ones, HIV patient are more sensitive for pneumonia. Symptoms- The alveoli becomes acutely inflammated, most of the air space filled with mucus and fluid with WBC.

Occupational lung diseases: These disorders are caused due to exposure of potentially harmful substances, such as gas, fumes or dusts, present in the environment where a person works.

(a). Silicosis and asbestosis: These are common examples, which occur due to chronic exposure of silica and asbestos dust in the mining industry.

(b). Pneumoconiosis: It is found in coal workers.

(c). Byssinosis: It is found in workers of cotton industry.

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Breathing and Respiration, Exchange of Gases - long answer questions for Entrance Exams and Admission Tests

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Covering Syllabus: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (Breathing and Respiration, Exchange of Gases)
India Study Solution Zoology Long Answer Theoretical Questions 

TQ 4 (Q. No.68-71)

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Solved Long Answer Type Biology Questions (Zoology)

Question: 68: Write the role of diaphragm in the breathing process.

Solution 68: 

Breathing:  Intake of fresh air from environment and expulsion of fowl air from lungs is called breathing, so there are two steps in breathing:

1.       Inspiration

2.       Expiration

Inspiration: 

1.       Intake of fresh air.

2.       It is an active process.

3.       Completes in 2 sec.

Inspiration occurs by contraction in inspiratory muscles, which are of two types:

(i). Radial muscles of diaphragm.

(ii). EICM. 

When radial muscles contract diaphragm become flattened in shaped so volume of thoracic cavity increase between anterior and posterior surface.

When EICM contract sternum comes outward and ribs goes upward. By the contraction in both muscles volume of thoracic cavity increase and intrapulmonary pressure, decrease by 1-3 mm Hg. Therefore, environmental air enters into lungs through respiratory tract called inspiration. 

Expiration:

1.       Expulsion is flow of air.

2.       It is a passive process.

3.       It takes 3 sec.

4.       Expiration occurs by relaxation in inspiratory muscles.

5.       By relaxation in radial muscles diaphragm become normal dome- shape.

6.       When EICM relax, then ribs and sternum comes to their normal position.

So, by relaxation on both muscles volume of thoracic cavity decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increase by 1-3 mm Hg. Therefore, expulsion of air occurs through respiratory tract called expiration.

Question: 69: What is partial pressure? How does it help in gaseous exchanges during respiration?

Solution 69: The pressure of a particular gas among the pressure of all the gases is called partial pressure. Gases move according to the pressure gradient from the higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure as follows -

Question: 70: What is chloride shift?

Solution 70:  As more carbon dioxide enters into the RBC, concentration of bicarbonates in RBC is more than in plasma. Thus bicarbonate ions diffuse quickly from the RBCs into the plasma, where they are carried to the lungs. To counter balance the rapid outrush of negative bicarbonate ions from the RBCs, chloride ions (Cl^–) move from the plasma into the erythrocytes. This ionic exchange process is called the Chloride Shift. After the chloride shift, potassium bicarbonate and potassium chloride are formed in the RBC while NaCl and NaHCO₃ are formed in the plasma.

In the lungs, the process is reversed. As blood moves through the pulmonary capillaries, its PCO₂ declines from 45 mm Hg to 40 mm Hg (and respectively from 54 vol% to 49 vol%). For this to occur, carbon dioxide must first be freed from its “bicarbonate housing.” Bicarbonate ions re-enter the RBCs (and chloride ions move into the plasma) and bind with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid, which is then split by carbonic anhydrase to release carbon dioxide and water. This carbon dioxide, along with that released from haemoglobin and from solution in plasma, and then diffuses along its partial pressure gradient from the blood into the alveoli. This total process is referred as Hamburger phenomena.    

Question: 71: Explain the terms: tidal volume, vital capacity and residual volume in relationship to respiration.

Solution 71: VC = IRV + ERV + TV

= 3000 + 1100 + 500

= 4600 ml.   

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Breathing and Respiration, Exchange of Gases

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You have landed among a series of some very important, carefully selected basic and advanced Very Short type, Medium and then Long Answer type questions followed by our very popular result-oriented India Study Solution MCQ Test Series with their answers and solutions from Biology Chapter - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (Breathing and Respiration, Exchange of Gases).
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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (Breathing and Respiration, Exchange of Gases)
Biology Objective Type Theoretical Questions - TQ 3 (Q. No.61-67)

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Short Answer Type Questions (Answers & Solutions given below)

Question: 61: How does haemoglobin help in the transport of oxygen from to tissues?

Question: 62: What is the vital capacity of lungs?

Question: 63: What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in humans? Where is it present?

Question: 64: Write down the reaction facilitated by an enzyme carbonic anhydrase present in RBCs.

Question: 65: In which form, CO₂ is trapped at the tissue level?

Question: 66: How pneumotaxic centre regulates the respiratory rate?

Question: 67: How can a person prevent himself from occupational respiratory diseases?

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Biology Guide: Breathing and Respiration, Exchange of Gases

Solutions of Biology Objective Short Answer Type Theoretical Questions - TQ 3 (Q. No. 61-67)

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Solution-61: Transport of oxygen: Haemoglobin is a red coloured pigment present in RBC. O₂ can bind with Hb in a reversible manner to form oxyhaemoglobin. This transport 97% to 99% oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin.

Solution-62: Volume of air, which expired forcefully after forceful inspiration.

Vital capacity = IRV+ERV+TV

                         = 3000+1100+500

= 4600 ml.

Solution-63: This percentage of CO₂ diffuse in RBC and dissolve in water of cytoplasm to form carbonic acid. Formation of carbonic acid is occurring in presence of carbonic anhydrase enzyme, which increase rate of formation of carbonic acid 5000 times. It is present in RBC.

Solution-64:   

Solution-65: Nearly 20-25% of CO₂ is transported by RBCs whereas 70% of it is carried as bicarbonate. About 7% of CO₂ is carried in a dissolved state through plasma. HCO₃^- ions (bicarbonate ions).

Solution-66: Strong neural signal from this center to inspiratory area increased the rate of breathing because inspiration and expiration is shortened.

Solution-67: (i) By wearing protective masks. (ii) By avoiding prolonged exposure to harmful substances.

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Breathing and Respiration, Exchange of Gases - Biology Objective Questions for NEET-UG, AIPMT, MBBS and Dental admission tests

Breathing and Respiration, Exchange of Gases (NEET-UG, NEST, MBBS, Dental admission Tests - Syllabus): Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (Breathing and Respiration, Exchange of Gases)

Biology Objective Type Theoretical Questions - TQ 2 (Q. No. 31-60)

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Very Short Answer Type Questions (Answers / Solutions given below)

Question: 31: Among all the respiratory volumes, which has lowest value?

Question: 32: Which is the primary site for exchange of gases?

Question: 33: How are gases like O₂ and CO₂ exchanged in our body?

Question: 34: Why is O₂ gas passed from atmospheric air to alveoli?

Question: 35: Which epithelium lines the alveoli?

Question: 36: Which gas, out of O₂ and CO₂ is more soluble?

Question: 37: What is the thickness of diffusion membrane?

Question: 38: How many layers form the diffusion membrane?

Question: 39: Why is CO₂ gas transferred from alveoli to atmospheric air?

Question: 40: Which gas has higher partial pressure in tissues?

Question: 41: What is the medium of transport for O₂ and CO₂?

Question: 42: What is the percentage of O₂ transported in bound form?

Question: 43: What is oxygen-dissociation curve?

Question: 44: Which compound is formed when O₂ binds with Hb?

Question: 45: What is the shape of O₂-dissociation curve for haemoglobin?

Question: 46: Write any two factors that are favourable for the formation of oxyhaemogloin.

Question: 47: Which compound is formed when CO₂ binds with Hb?

Question: 48: What are the conditions responsible for more binding of CO₂ with Hb in tissues?

Question: 49: What is the percentage of CO₂ transported as bicarbonate ions?

Question: 50: How much CO₂ is delivered to the alveoli by every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood?

Question: 51: Which is the main centre of brain that regulates the respiration rate?

Question: 52: Where is respiratory rhythm centre located in brain?

Question: 53: What is the location of pneumotaxic centre in brain?

Question: 54: Where is the chemosensitive area located in the brain, which regulates the respiration?

Question: 55: To which substances, chemosensitive area is highly sensitive?

Question: 56: A person faces difficulty in breathing, produces sound during breathing. Name the disease from which he suffers.

Question: 57: What is the main cause of Emphysema?

Question: 58: What happens to bronchi and bronchioles during asthma?

Question: 59: Why is surface area for exchange of gases deceased during Emphysema?

Question: 60: Give two examples of occupational respiratory disorders.

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Solutions of Biology Objective Very Short Answer Type Questions - TQ 2 (Q. No. 31-60)

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Solution-31: Tidal volume (TV). Solution-32: Alveoli. Solution-33: By simple diffusion based on pressure gradient.Solution-34: It is because the pO₂ in atmospheric air is higher, i.e., 159 mm Hg than in alveoli, i.e., 104 mm Hg. Solution-35: Squamous epithelium. Solution-36: CO₂ is more soluble, 20-25timeshigher than that of O_2. Solution-37: 0.2mm. Solution-38 : 3. Solution-39: It is because the pCO₂ in alveoli is higher, i.e., 40 mm Hg than in atmospheric air, i.e., 0.3 mm Hg. Solution-40: CO₂. pCO₂is higher than pO₂ in tissues. Solution-41: Blood. Solution-42: About 97%. Solution-43: A graphic representation between the relationship between pO₂ and percentage saturation of Hb with O₂. Solution-44:  Oxyhaemoglobin. Solution-45:  It is sigmoid or ‘S’ shaped. Solution-46: High pO₂ and low pCO₂. Solution-47: Carbaminohaemoglobin. Solution-48: High pCO₂ and low pO₂. Solution-49: About 70%. Solution-50: 4 ml. Solution-51:  Respiratory rhythm centre. Solution-52: Medulla oblongata of hindbrain. Solution-53: Pons region of hindbrain. Solution-54:  It is located adjacent to the respiratory rhythm centre in the medulla region. Solution-55: CO₂ and H⁺ ions. Solution-56: Asthma. Solution-57: Excessive cigarette smoking. Solution-58: Inflammation occurs in bronchi and bronchioles. Solution-59: It is decreased due to breakdown of alveolar walls. Solution-60: Silicosis and asbestosis.

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